What is humus?

Humus refers to the stable organic matter in soil that results from the decomposition of plant and animal materials. It is characterized by its dark color and its ability to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient-holding capacity. Unlike fresh organic material, humus has undergone significant breakdown and transformation, making it a mature component of the soil ecosystem.

Humus plays a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility as it provides essential nutrients to plants and supports microbial life, which is vital for nutrient cycling. Its stability means it remains in the soil for a long period, contributing to the soil's long-term health and productivity.

Fresh organic material is still in the process of decomposition and does not yet exhibit the properties associated with mature humus. Soil compaction residue does not relate to organic matter and instead refers to the physical changes in soil texture or structure. Similarly, sand and silt particles describe inorganic components of soil rather than organic matter. Understanding the role of humus is fundamental for effective soil management and agricultural practices.