What does increased soil density due to soil compaction primarily reduce?

Increased soil density due to compaction primarily reduces pore space and aeration. When soil becomes compacted, the particles are pressed together more tightly, which decreases the volume of spaces, or pores, between them. These pores are crucial for holding water and air in the soil, both of which are essential for healthy root development and overall plant growth.

Reduced pore space limits the amount of air available to plant roots, which can lead to root suffocation and hinder nutrient uptake. Additionally, compacted soils retain water less effectively, as water has a harder time moving through denser soil. This results in poor drainage and can lead to waterlogged conditions, further impairing plant health.

While soil compaction can also impact microbial activity and organic material over time, the direct and immediate effect of increased soil density is primarily observed in reduced pore space and aeration, affecting the soil's ability to support healthy plant ecosystems.